Representación política efectiva en grupos de líderes indígenas del Perú
Fecha
2019
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Universidad Antonio Ruiz de Montoya
Resumen
La representación de las poblaciones indígenas en el sistema político peruano está
cobrando interés; sin embargo, hay factores que impiden su efectividad. En el presente
estudio exploratorio se analizan los factores subjetivos (identidad y su
autoidentificación), los factores institucionales (la participación política, el sistema
electoral y la cuota), los factores estructurales (socioeconómicos) y organizacionales que
favorecen o impiden una representación política efectiva en dos grupos andinos del Perú,
los aimaras y los chopcca. A partir de las entrevistas a los líderes de estas comunidades,
y basados en sus propias historias de liderazgo, se concluye que no existe una
representación política efectiva, en tanto habiendo indígenas como candidatos y siendo
electos por listas o movimientos no indígenas no logran desarrollar una agenda política
basada en los intereses de sus comunidades, sino que sobre ellos se imponen los del
partido o movimiento no indígena. Se han identificado barreras históricas como la
discriminación, la presencia del analfabetismo, el desconocimiento de los mecanismos
para la representación política en los ámbitos subnacionales y nacionales, el
funcionamiento de las organizaciones políticas y la cuota electoral, asimismo, el hecho
de no contar con los canales para sostener una adecuada relación entre representante y
representado. En contraste, se identifica en estos grupos una historia de liderazgo socio
político eficaz y pertinente respecto a su cultura que les ha permitido mantener un
ejercicio democrático distinto al que habitualmente se aplica en el sistema político
peruano. Por ello, la necesidad de caracterizar dichos aspectos positivos en los chopcca
y aimaras para mejorar los procesos de representación política efectiva en el Perú.
The representation of indigenous populations in the Peruvian political system is garnering interest; however, there are factors that prevent it from being effective. In this exploratory study we analyse subjective factors (identity and self-categorization). Institutional factors (political participation, electoral system and quotas), structural factors (socio economic) and organizational factors that favour or prevent the effective political representation of two Andean groups in Peru, the aimaras and the chopcca. Through interviews to these communities’ leaders, and based on their own stories of leadership, this study concludes that there is no effective political representation, in so far as indigenous candidates, elected through lists or non-indigenous movements, are not able to develop a political agenda based on their communities’ interest. Rather, the agenda of the party of nonindigenous movement is superimposed on them. Historical barriers such as discrimination, illiteracy, lack of knowledge on political representation mechanisms at the subnational and national levels, the functioning of political organizations and the electoral quota, as well as not having the channels to hold an adequate relationship between representative and constituent, have been identified. In contrast, this study identifies in these groups a history of effective socio-political leadership with respect to their culture, which has allowed them to maintain a different democratic exercise to that that is normally applied in the Peruvian political system. There is a need to characterise the positive aspect of the chopcca and aimaras, in order to better the effective political representation processes in Peru.
The representation of indigenous populations in the Peruvian political system is garnering interest; however, there are factors that prevent it from being effective. In this exploratory study we analyse subjective factors (identity and self-categorization). Institutional factors (political participation, electoral system and quotas), structural factors (socio economic) and organizational factors that favour or prevent the effective political representation of two Andean groups in Peru, the aimaras and the chopcca. Through interviews to these communities’ leaders, and based on their own stories of leadership, this study concludes that there is no effective political representation, in so far as indigenous candidates, elected through lists or non-indigenous movements, are not able to develop a political agenda based on their communities’ interest. Rather, the agenda of the party of nonindigenous movement is superimposed on them. Historical barriers such as discrimination, illiteracy, lack of knowledge on political representation mechanisms at the subnational and national levels, the functioning of political organizations and the electoral quota, as well as not having the channels to hold an adequate relationship between representative and constituent, have been identified. In contrast, this study identifies in these groups a history of effective socio-political leadership with respect to their culture, which has allowed them to maintain a different democratic exercise to that that is normally applied in the Peruvian political system. There is a need to characterise the positive aspect of the chopcca and aimaras, in order to better the effective political representation processes in Peru.
Descripción
Palabras clave
Población indígena, Representación política, Identidad, Aimaras, Chopcca, Administración pública, Perú, Ciencia política